The JOREK non-linear extended MHD code and applications to large-scale instabilities and their control in magnetically confined fusion plasmas

JOREK is a massively parallel fully implicit non-linear extended MHD code for realistic tokamak X-point plasmas. It has become widely used versatile studying large-scale plasma instabilities and their control developed in an international community. This article gives comprehensive overview of the physics models implemented, numerical methods applied solving equations studies performed with code. A dedicated section highlights some verification work done hierarchy different available including free boundary resistive wall extension hybrid kinetic-fluid models. The allows flux-surface aligned iso-parametric finite element grids single double plasmas which can be to true physical walls uses robust time stepping. Particular focus laid on edge scrape-off layer (SOL) as well disruption related phenomena. Among key results obtained regarding SOL, are deep insights into dynamics localized modes (ELMs), ELM cycles, by resonant magnetic perturbations, pellet injection, vertical kicks. Also regimes, detachment physics, generation transport impurities during ELM, electrostatic turbulence pedestal region investigated. Regarding disruptions, thermal quench current triggered massive gas injection (MGI) shattered (SPI), runaway electron (RE) RE interaction modes, displacement events (VDEs). seeding suppression tearing (TMs), naturally occurring quenches locked radiative collapses being studied.